Classical and Modern Conceptions of Learning Theory Development: A Historical Pedagogical Analysis

Abstrak

Classical conceptions, influenced by the thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Al-Ghazali, Ibn Sina, Al Farabi, and Zarnuji, emphasize the importance of integrating knowledge, morality, and spirituality. Classical education is considered a holistic process that aims not only to transfer knowledge but also to shape the character and morality of individuals. In contrast, the modern conception developed by Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Karl Popper, and Thomas Kuhn emphasizes an empirical and rational approach to acquiring knowledge, focusing on scientific methods and skepticism. This analysis shows that despite fundamental differences between these two conceptions, both have valuable contributions to the development of science and education. Integrating positive elements from both traditions of thought is proposed to form a more balanced and sustainable education in the contemporary era. By combining scientific and empirical approaches with moral and ethical values, modern education can produce intellectually intelligent individuals with strong moral and social integrity.